Voters in 35 states will be considering 154 ballot measures as well as choosing a new president. This year’s issues include marijuana laws, condoms, taxes, healthcare reform, axing the death penalty, and hiking the minimum wage.
Of the 154 measures in 2016, 71 were put on the ballot by citizens. Only half the states allow citizens to collect signatures on petitions from voters for a ballot measure to be considered, and each state requires a different minimum number of signatures to be valid, from over 13,000 (South Dakota) to over 300,000 (California). The signature requirements are based on a percentage of votes cast in an election. The other way a ballot measure is included is through legislative referrals.
High on the ballot
Nine states, involving 82 million residents, could loosen rules on marijuana. Voters in Arkansas, Florida, Montana and North Dakota will decide whether residents can use medical marijuana legally. Arizona, California, Maine, and Nevada voters will decide whether to legalize marijuana for those over the age of 21. Massachusetts voters will decide whether to regulate marijuana like alcohol. Election watchers said the marijuana measure in Florida and Nevada could boost voter turnout in the two swing states.
So far, 25 states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation allowing marijuana for medical use. Alaska, Colorado, Oregon and Washington have also decriminalized marijuana for recreational use, allowing products to be sold to people 21 and older.
In February, the Colorado Department of Revenue said government-licensed stores made nearly $1 billion in 2015, and the state’s gross revenue had increased 78 percent since the first year the drug was legalized, giving the state $135 million in taxes and fees.
While the state’s coffers were enriched, there has been a downside to legalizing the drug. In July the journal JAMA Pediatrics said rates of marijuana exposure in young children, many of them toddlers, had increased 150 percent since 2014 when recreational marijuana products, like sweets, went on the market legally.
When voters decided in 2012 to legalize marijuana for recreational use, researchers anticipated that rates of accidental exposure in children would rise.
“But we were not prepared for the dramatic increase,” said the senior author of the study, Dr. Genie E. Roosevelt, an associate professor of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Denver Health Medical Center told The New York Times.
The number of cases in the study, drawn from Colorado’s poison control data and from one children’s hospital, is modest. Between 2009 and 2015, there were 163 cases documented by the poison control center and 81 patients evaluated at one hospital for pediatric marijuana exposure.
Minimum Wage
Voters in 5 states will consider increasing or decreasing the minimum wage, which could affect 21.6 million residents.
Voters in Arizona, Colorado, Maine will decide whether to increase the minimum wage to $12 by 2020. Residents in Washington will decide whether to raise theirs to $13.50.
Residents in South Dakota voted in 2014 to increase minimum wage from $7.25 to $8.56 by January 2015, and thereafter to increase wages to account for inflation. The ballot measure will let voters decide whether to vote ‘yes’ on reducing minimum wage from $8.50 to $7.50 for people under 18.
The measures are a far cry from the nationwide demands for $15 minimum wage, but give the lowest-earning workers at least something, as Congress continues to take no action to raise the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour.
Healthcare
Voters in Colorado will decided under Amendment 69 whether the state will create ColoradoCare, a healthcare payment system designed to finance universal healthcare for residents partly through an additional 10 percent payroll tax – two thirds paid by employers and one third by employees. The plan would provide $25 billion per year in revenue, according to the Journal Denver Review.
Polls indicate low support for the measure, with just 28.5 percent of voters in favor, and 60.5 percent opposed. Critics of ColoradoCare have outraised supporters nearly five to one, with the ‘yes’ campaign with $891,558 and opponents with $4,067,563. The top donor to the ‘no’ campaign was the health insurance firm Anthem, Inc.
In California, a “yes” vote on Proposition 61 would further regulate drug prices by requiring state agencies to pay no more than what the US Department of Veterans Affairs pays for prescription drugs.
The state spent nearly $3.8 billion last fiscal year on prescription drugs, with almost 83 percent for drugs for Medi-Cal and the Public Employees’ Retirement System. State agencies negotiate drug prices with manufacturers in attempts to receive discounts and lower prices. In some situations, state agencies independently negotiate drug prices, leading to different agencies of the state paying different prices for the same drug.
Massive amounts of money have been logged for and against the measure, making it the most expensive ballot measure in California and the nation in 2016. Those in favor of the proposition are spending $14 million, and those against the proposition are spending $108 million, largely made up of donations from pharmaceutical companies.
In early September 2016, the USC Dornsife-Los Angeles Times poll found 66 percent of respondents were supportive of Prop 61 and 23 percent were opposed.
Gun Control
Four states will consider gun control measures. Voters in California can support a measure that would involve background checks for ammunition purchases and a ban on large capacity ammunition magazines. Maine and Nevada voters will decide whether there should be background checks for gun sales.
Americans own 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, with 22 percent owning more than one gun, 35 percent men and 12 percent women, according to ProCon.com analysis.
Opponents of gun control say the Second Amendment protects the individual right to own guns and the guns are needed for self-defense, whereas advocates of more gun control laws argued the Second Amendment was intended for militias and gun violence has to be reduced. The majority of Americans, including gun owners, seem to favor new restrictions.
Death penalty
California residents will also decide whether to repeal the death penalty. If voters support Proposition 62, murderers in the state will be punished with life without parole instead of the death penalty. California is one of 31 states where the death penalty is still legal.
In 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled the state’s capital punishment system unconstitutional. In 1978, voters under Proposition 7 reinstated the death penalty. Voters rejected an initiative to ban capital punishment, titled Proposition 34, in 2012.
California Democrats support Proposition 62 while the state’s Republicans are opposed. A mid-October poll by SurveyUSA found support for the initiative at around 35 percent and opposition around 53 percent, according to Ballotpedia.
Voters in Nebraska will be asked if they want to reinstate capital punishment by repealing legislative bill 268, which banned the death penalty. State lawmakers banned the death penalty in May 2015, changing the penalty for first degree murder to life in prison. The bill was vetoed by Governor Pete Rickets.
A poll conducted by Prism Surveys on behalf of the ACLU of Nebraska in March 2015 showed that 58.5 percent of Nebraska voters support alternatives to the death penalty, while 30 percent support the death penalty over alternatives.
In Oklahoma, voters will decide on a constitutional justification for death penalty statues. People voting “yes” would support amending the state’s constitution to guarantee the state’s power to impose the death penalty and set methods of execution.
Currently the death penalty is legal in the state but its use was put on hold in October of 2015, after several executions were conducted incorrectly. A review of the methods and protocols used during execution is ongoing. State Question 776 was designed, in part, to ensure that executions resume after the questions about protocol are settled.
As of January 1, 2016, there were 49 inmates on death row. Three executions, including the high-profile case of Richard Glossip, were scheduled in 2015 but were not carried out due to the court-ordered halt and procedural review.
Interesting and Unusual
Voters in Florida will vote on Amendment #1, concerning the rights for solar panels. The costs of installing solar panels are not cheap. In many states customers lease the panels through a third-party and sell excess electricity back to the utility grid.
The Sunshine state is one of five that doesn’t allow third-party ownership. It allows third-party leasing but not third-party Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Amendment #1 would allow solar leasing through the utility companies making solar affordable for many consumers but would not address third-party PPAs. And under the amendment utility companies would be compensated for their solar losses by adding new fees to solar consumers’ bills. Critics have argued that the amendment represents a “quick death” for the future of solar power in the Sunshine state.
In California, voters will get to decide whether porn actors would be required to wear condoms during filming, under Proposition 60. Californians will also decide on whether to ban plastic shopping bags under Proposition 67.
Colorado will decide whether to override an exception to slavery prohibition for criminals, meaning that the state could not insist on convicts working for free.
Maine will decide whether to overhaul the state’s voting system.